The Era of Segregation
1877–1968
The years after the Civil War were both hopeful and worrisome for African Americans. With the end of slavery, Black Americans had hoped to attain full citizenship. Instead, they found themselves resisting a new form of discrimination—segregation.
Despite difficult challenges, African Americans created institutions and communities to help them survive and thrive. Through their struggle, they challenged the nation to live up to its ideals of freedom and equality.
Defending Freedom in the Era of Segregation: 1865–1968
Between 1865 and 1968, America redefined the meaning of democracy. Although the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments ended slavery and expanded civil rights, local and state governments passed Jim Crow laws to restrict new freedoms and separate people based on race. African Americans protested segregation while also building strong communities and institutions.
Part 01Creating a Segregated Society1876–1900
When Reconstruction ended in 1877, 90% of African Americans lived in the South. As white southerners regained political control in state and local governments, they passed new laws restricting African Americans. The new laws segregated Black and white people and condemned African Americans to an inferior and second-class citizenship. In response, African Americans created institutions that sustained their communities.
Part 02Making a Way in a Hostile World1900–1945
As the 20th century began, African Americans sought full citizenship and equal rights. But more severe segregation laws and social norms created hostile environments that sought to disturb or destroy Black communities. For African Americans, danger came in many forms: legal restrictions, threats, violence, lynchings, and mob-led riots.
Despite facing violence and discrimination, African Americans built their own communities and institutions. Many migrated to cities outside the South for better opportunities. They nourished a flourishing Black culture and served the country during both World Wars.
More to come early 2025
Rosa Parks mug shot
The story continues. After World War II, a generation of African Americans saw less and less reason to endure attacks on their civil rights.
In the next part of the exhibit, we will explore how African Americans demand change through protests, nonviolence action, and using the Supreme Court’s power.