Part 2Making a Way in a Hostile World1900–1945

As the 20th century began, African Americans sought full citizenship and equal rights. But more severe segregation laws and social norms created hostile environments that sought to disturb or destroy Black communities. For African Americans, danger came in many forms: legal restrictions, threats, violence, lynchings, and mob-led riots.

Despite facing violence and discrimination, African Americans built their own communities and institutions. Many migrated to cities outside the South for better opportunities. They nourished a flourishing Black culture and served the country during both World Wars.